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953; Budapest in 1956; Prague 1968。 But the answer was different in Warsaw in 1989。 Solidarity won 99 out of 100 seats。 The head of the Polish munist Party called Moscow for directions。 Mikhail Gorbachevs answer was stunning: ";Do nothing; accept the oute of a free election。"; And that was really the phone call that ended the Cold War。 And of course; the great symbol of the end of the Soviet empire was the fall of the Berlin Wall。 One country after another broke free of munism …… Poland; Hungary; Czechoslovakia; Romania。 1989 was truly a miracle year。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):以前,在东欧,如果有谁胆敢挑战苏联强权的话,那结果再清楚不过了,必定是坦克、红军都一起来了。1953年的柏林、1956年的布达佩斯、1968年的布拉格都是这样。但1989年华沙的这次不同了,团结工会获得了99%的席位,波兰共产党的领导人向打电话给苏联寻求指示,戈尔巴乔夫的回答令人震惊:“什么都不要做,接受自由选举的结果吧。”正是这个电话结束了长期的冷战,当然,苏维埃帝国崩溃更具代表性的事件是柏林墙的倒塌。一个接一个的国家从共产主义中解放出来—波兰,匈牙利,捷克斯洛伐克,罗马尼亚。1989年真是奇迹的一年。
NARRATOR: Poland was free now。 Solidarity had to liberate the Polish economy。 Late one night Sachs met the Solidarity economist Jacek Kuron in a Warsaw apartment。
旁白:波兰现在自由了,团结工会不得不解放波兰的经济。一天晚上萨克斯(Sachs)在华沙的一所公寓里会见了团结工会的经济学家杰西卡。库勒(Jacek Kuron)。
JEFFREY SACHS: I was trying to explain how you get out of this mess that the munist system had left behind。 Every couple of minutes he would pound on the table; ";Pah; pah; pah"; …… ";Yes; yes; yes; I understand。"; And wed gone on …… ";Pah; pah"; …… and it was very; you know。。。 it was really exciting。 We went on for a few hours like this。 I was exhausted。 The room was filled with smoke; and he said: ";Okay; clear。 Write up the plan。"; We got up。 I said: ";Well; this will be a great honor。 Well send you something just as soon as we can。"; ";No; tomorrow morning I need the plan。"; I laughed; and he said; ";Im absolutely serious; I need this written down now。";
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):我努力地跟他讲如何收拾共产主义体制丢下的烂摊子。每隔两分钟,他就拍一次桌子,“是,是,是”——“对,对,对,我明白”,我们一直谈,——“对,对”——这真的,真的很令人激动,我们像这样谈了好几个小时,我精疲力竭,房间里充满了烟雾,他说,“好吧,搞清楚了,写出计划吧。”我们从椅子上站起身来,我说:“这将是我很大的荣幸,我们将尽快给你一些结果。”“不,明天早上我就需要这个计划。”我笑了,他说,“我是认真的,我需要现在就开始干。”
We wrote up a plan that night and delivered it the next morning。 They distributed it to the Solidarity members of the Parliament。
我们当夜就写出了一份计划,第二天早上就提交上去了,他们把这份计划分发给国会中的团结工会成员。
NARRATOR: Like Sachs; Solidaritys new finance minister; Leszek Balcerowicz; believed transition had to be rapid and massive。
旁白:与萨克斯(Sachs)一样,团结工会的新财政部长拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz)也认为行动必须迅速和重大。
LESZEK BALCEROWICZ; Finance Minister; Poland; 1989…1991: Just after breakthrough; there is a short period; a period of extraordinary politics。 By definition; people are ready to accept more radical solutions because they are pretty euphoric of freshly regained freedom。 One could use it only in one way; by moving forward very; very quickly。
波兰财政部长(1989…1991)拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):在团结工会取得突破上台后,有一段非常短的非常政治时期,这段时间里,人民已经作好了接受激进解决方案的准备,因为他们正沉浸在刚刚恢复自由的喜悦之中,可以稍微地利用这一点,很快地推进一些改革。
JOSEPH STANISLAW: Poland decided to do what Bolivia did; to introduce shock therapy; cut back on government expenditure and try and introduce a market system and see if it could work。
约瑟夫。斯坦利斯诺(Joseph Stanislaw):波兰决定学习###的做法,实行休克疗法,削减政府开支,偿试引进市场体制,看它是否能奏效。
NARRATOR: Prices almost doubled; and shortages didnt end。 All Balcerowicz could do was chew his nails and wait for the law of supply and demand to kick in。 But then; after a few days; farmers began to bring their produce to market。
旁白:价格几乎涨了两倍,短缺仍然存在,布拉泽维奇所能做的只是咬着他的指甲,紧张地等待供给需求法则发挥作用。但过了几天后,农民们开始把农产品拿到市场上卖了。
LESZEK BALCEROWICZ: I was going for a walk; and we were looking at the prices in the shops; the prices of eggs。
拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):我出去转了一下,看了看商店里商品的价格,看了看鸡蛋的价格。
NARRATOR: His aides told him to concentrate on the price of eggs。 If eggs appeared; if eggs got cheaper; the market would be working。 Eggs did appear。 And then the price of eggs began to fall。
旁白:他的助手们告诉他要关注鸡蛋的价格,假如市面上有鸡蛋卖了,假如鸡蛋的价格便宜了,就说明市场在有效地运作了。市面上果然有鸡蛋卖了,然后鸡蛋的价格开始降下来了。
LESZEK BALCEROWICZ: And I remember that very important day when the prices of eggs are falling。 This was one of the signals that the program; the stabilization program; is working。
拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):我记得鸡蛋的价格开始下降的那天,那是非常重要的一天,这是我们的计划,稳定计划奏效了的一个信号。
。 想看书来
Chapter 13: Poland in Transition '2:39'
第十三章: 转型中的波兰
NARRATOR: But reforming state…owned heavy industries would prove a much bigger challenge。
旁白:但是改革国有重工业被证明是一项更为艰巨的工作。
LESZEK BALCEROWICZ: Once Poland became free; one of the problems I have to face was a fight about privatization。
拉扎克。布拉泽维奇(Leszek Balcerowicz):当波兰实现了自由之后,我不得不面临的一个问题便是私有化的问题。
DANIEL YERGIN: The big problem was the old industries inherited from the munist past; and there were wrenching problems of unemployment; of making them efficient; keeping them running。 And thats where you saw a lot of the pain。
丹尼尔。尤金(Daniel Yergin):问题在于那些从过去共产主义继承下来的老工业,存在着失业、要提高效率、使其正常运转等一系列棘手的问题,这就是那些改革最痛苦的地方。
NARRATOR: Making overmanned state…owned industries efficient or profitable meant wide…scale layoffs for Polands blue…collar workers。
旁白:要使人员过剩的国有企业有效率或者赢利意味着需要大规模地裁减波兰的蓝领工人。
JAN BIELECKI; Prime Minister; Poland; 1991: When I became the prime minister; the euphoria of transition was almost over。 We had 20;000 strikes; sometimes organized by my former colleagues from Solidarity movement。
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