手机浏览器扫描二维码访问
旁白:在思想的战争中,1974年是一个转折点。哈耶克获得诺贝尔奖令人惊讶,但是天平现在正从凯恩斯一方向哈耶克一方倾斜。
FRIEDRICH VON HAYEK: I like to say when I was a young man; only the very old men still believed in the free…market system。 When I was in my middle ages I myself and nobody else believed in it。 And now I have the pleasure of having lived long enough to see that the young people again believe in it。 And that is a very important change。
哈耶克:我想说我年轻时,只有很老的人才相信自由市场体系;我中年时除了我自己以外没有人相信它;现在我很高兴活得够长能看到年轻人再次信奉它。这是一个非常重要的变化。
Chapter 14: Deregulation Takes Off '7:29'
第十四章:取消管制
Onscreen title: Chicago; 1974
字幕标题:芝加哥,1974年
NARRATOR: The
旁白:美国经济正经历着自大萧条以后最严重的低迷时期。工业发展缓慢;失业上升;阿拉伯石油禁运后接踵而来的是赎罪日战争。美国人排队等待购买汽油;所有的价格都在上涨。
Chicago School economists had always argued that rigid government regulations were keeping prices high and fueling inflation。 Now more people began to wonder if petition could break the inflationary stranglehold。
芝加哥学派的经济学家一直争论说政府的硬性规章使价格居高不下,助长了通货膨胀。现在更多的人开始想知道竞争是否能够打破通货膨胀的束缚。
SAM PELTZMAN: What is the effect of regulating the airlines? What is the effect of regulating the trucking industry? And what is the effect of regulating the railroad industry? Very often; it raises prices。 Instead of allowing petition; it suppresses petition。
SAM PELTZMAN:管制航线的影响是什么?管制火车运输业的影响是什么?管制铁路的影响是什么?管制常常引起价格上涨。与允许竞争相反,它抑制了竞争。
Onscreen title: Washington; ; 1974
字幕标题:华盛顿,1974年
NARRATOR: In the airline industry; the host of regulations enacted during the Great Depression were still in force。 It was a classic example of regulated capitalism。 But deregulation was in the air。
旁白:大萧条时期针对航空业制定的许多规章制度至今仍然有效。这是管制资本主义的一个典型例子。但是违反规定的情况有可能发生。
Stephen Breyer; now a Supreme Court justice; then a Harvard professor; was asked by liberal Democratic senator Ted Kennedy to head a Senate investigation of airline regulations。
现任最高法院法官的Stephen Breyer那时是哈佛大学的一名教授,应自由主义者-民主党参议员Ted Kennedy的请求主持一项关于航空业规章制度的调查研究。
STEPHEN BREYER; : You discovered that basically the same firms that had been there in 1938 were still there。 Those were the major carriers and nobody new。
STEPHEN BREYER,美国最高法院法官:我们发现自从1938年以来基本就是那些公司存在,它们是主要的航空公司,没有新进入者。
NARRATOR: The hearings began; and officials from the Civil Aeronautics Board were called to testify。
旁白:听证开始了;美国民用航空局的官员被召来作证。
STEPHEN BREYER: And it turned out that 5 percent of their time went to stop prices that were too high and 95 percent of their time went to stop prices that were too low; but always the effort was to keep the price high and not low。
STEPHEN BREYER:事实证明他们5%的时间用来调整过高的价格,95%的时间用来调整过低的价格,但是调整价格的努力总是使价格处于高位而不是低位。
NARRATOR: Naturally; the established airlines were quite happy with this arrangement。
旁白:自然,已存在的航空公司对此非常高兴。
STEPHEN BREYER: And wed say; ";When was the last time you granted a new route? Well?";
STEPHEN BREYER:我们要说:“什么时候你们才最后批准新路线?啊?”
NARRATOR: Regulations meant that major carriers like Pan Am never had to pete with newers。 But some cut…price charter flight operators wanted to break this club。 Leading the struggle against Pan Am over its profitable trans…Atlantic flights was an exuberant Englishman called Freddie Laker。
旁白:规章制度意味着主要的航空公司,比如泛美航空公司,永远不必和新进入者竞争。但是一些打折的包机飞行经营者希望打破这个俱乐部。一位名叫Freddie Laker 的活力充沛的英国人领导了反对泛美航空公司有利可图的横跨大西洋航线的斗争。
FREDDY LAKER: Im Freddy Laker。 I own Laker Airways; and Im dedicated to low…cost air travel。 With Laker you can fly round trip to the USA or Canada in one of our wide…bodied DC…10s for less than half the price of a normal economy ticket。 Look; Ive got to give you a better deal …… Ive got my name on every plane。
FREDDY LAKER:我是Freddy Laker。我拥有Laker航线,致力于降低空中旅行的费用。选择Laker,你可以乘坐我们的道尔-10s飞机作到美国或者加拿大的往返飞行,而价格还不到正常经济舱机票价格的一半。看,我在每架飞机上都留下了我的名字。
STEPHEN BREYER: The Transportation Department said that this may hurt Pan Am。 And Freddy Laker testified and said; ";The cause of this whole thing is Panamania。"; So we said; ";What is that?"; And he said; ";Well; everybody should do everything for Pan Am。";
STEPHEN BREYER:运输部认为这可能会损害泛美航空公司。Freddy Laker作证时说:“整件事的原因就是‘Panamania’。”我们问“那是什么意思?";他回答说:“噢,所有的人都应该为泛美航空公司的利益服务。”
NARRATOR: The man who was to sweep away airline regulations is a lifelong Gilbert and Sullivan fan。 Improbably enough; the bearded poet is played by Fred Kahn; a professor at Cornell University。
旁白:这个将要消除航线管制的男人毕生都是吉尔伯特和沙利文迷。难以相信的是,这位留胡子诗人的角色是由Fred Kahn-康奈尔大学的一位教授-来扮演的。
Kahn wanted a leaner; meaner regulatory environment in which the market was free to chase profits without the dead weight of bloated government。 Democratic president Jimmy Carter made Kahn head of the Civil Aeronautics Board。 Kahn had spent years studying government regulation; now he had a chance to do something about it。
Kahn想做个倾斜,意即调整环境使市场可以自由追逐利润却没有傲慢政府这个累赘。民主党总统吉米。卡特任命Kahn为民用航空局局长。Kahn已经花了数年时间来研究政府的规章制度;现在他有机会做些什么了。
历代兴衰演义 疯了吧,你管这叫实习医生? 老子传 我小鲜肉,娱乐圈老阿姨真香啊 上元初遇误终身 英雄无敌之十二翼天使 源界风云 笑傲江湖之大漠狂刀 落蕊重芳 南非斗士曼德拉 开发次元世界 源氏物语 洛丽塔 终极炮灰 唐逸世界第一丧尸王 乙绯散文全集 基督山伯爵 九指道尊 对抗游戏 世界悬疑经典小说
两年前,僵尸面瘫男左莫被无空山掌门捡回了门派,失去记忆的他过着忙碌却充实的生活,一心想要赚晶石,一直在灵植上下苦功,终于如愿成为灵植夫,从不受待见的外门弟子跻身成为炙手可热的内门弟子。一个偶然的机会,左...
天地不仁以万物为刍狗!一个小千世界狂热迷恋修行的少年获得大千世界半神的神格,人生从这一刻改变,跳出法则之外,逆天顺天,尽在掌握!...
生长于孤儿院的少年刘翰和几女探险时偶得怪果奇蛇致使身体发生异变与众女合体并习得绝世武功和高超的医术为救人与本地黑帮发生冲突得贵人相助将其剿灭因而得罪日本黑道。参加中学生风采大赛获得保送大学机会。上大学时接受军方秘训后又有日本黑龙会追杀其消灭全部杀手后又参加了央视的星光大道和青歌大赛并取得非凡成绩。即赴台探亲帮助马当选总统世界巡演时与东突遭遇和达赖辩论发现超市支持藏独向世界揭露日本称霸全球的野心为此获得诺贝尔和平奖而在颁奖仪式上其却拒绝领奖主人公奇遇不断出现艳遇连绵不...
师父死了,留下美艳师娘,一堆的人打主意,李福根要怎么才能保住师娘呢?...
前世孤苦一生,今世重生成兽,为何上天总是这样的捉弄!为何上天总是那样的不公!他不服,不服那命运的不公。自创妖修之法,将魔狮一族发展成为能够抗衡巨龙的麒麟一族,成就一代麒麟圣祖的威名。...
唐门外门弟子唐三,因偷学内门绝学为唐门所不容,跳崖明志时却发现没有死,反而以另外一个身份来到了另一个世界,一个属于武魂的世界,名叫斗罗大陆。这里没有魔法,没有斗气,没有武术,却有神奇的武魂。这里的每个人,在自己六岁的时候,都会在武魂殿中令武魂觉醒。武魂有动物,有植物,有器物,武魂可以辅助人们的日常生活。而其中一些特别出色的武魂却可以用来修炼并进行战斗,这个职业,是斗罗大陆上最为强大也是最荣耀的职业魂师 当唐门暗器来到斗罗大陆,当唐三武魂觉醒,他能否在这片武魂的世界再铸唐门的辉煌?他能否成为这个世界的主宰神...