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chickens。 Instead of controlling inflation; they were creating shortages。
丹尼尔。尤金:经济状况没有立刻走出低谷。人们无法收回成本。牧场主不再把牛赶到市场上去卖;农场主把鸡淹死。与控制通货膨胀相反,他们造成了短缺。
NARRATOR: And prices just kept on rising。
旁白:而价格仍然在上升。
MILTON FRIEDMAN: The last time I saw Nixon in the Oval Office; with George Shultz; President Nixon said to me; ";Dont blame George for this silly business of wage and price control;"; meaning George Shultz。 And I said to him; ";Oh; no; Mr。 President; I dont blame George; I blame you!";
弗里德曼:我最后一次在总统办公室里看见尼克松时,还有George Shultz,尼克松总统对我说:“不要为这个愚蠢的工资和价格管制责备乔治,”而我则说:“噢,不,总统先生,我不责怪乔治;我责怪你!”
Chapter 13: A Mixed Economy Flounders '8:36'
第十三章:混合经济的挣扎
Onscreen title: London; 1973
字幕标题:伦敦,1973年
NARRATOR: Britains mixed economy; so widely imitated; was in similar trouble。 It; too; was facing the deadly bination of unemployment and inflation。 In theory; the Conservative prime minister Ted Heath and his Cabinet believed in markets。 In practice; like Nixon; they made a sharp U…turn and used wage and price controls to bat stagflation。
旁白:被广为仿效的英国混合经济面临同样的困境,也面临着失业和通货膨胀的致命组合。理论上,保守党首相Ted Heath和他的内阁相信市场;但实际上,与尼克松一样,他们做了180度的转弯,用工资和价格管制来与滞胀作斗争。
KENNETH BAKER; Conservative Minister; 1981…1992: I was a junior minister in Ted Heaths government; and I remember having to attend meetings with three or four other ministers where we would actually decide the level of charges plumbers would charge next week to repair taps and how much taxi drivers could charge for fares and how much hairdressers should get in wages。 It was absolutely unbelievable。 It all came to a very sticky end; a plete collapse。
KENNETH BAKER,保守党大臣,1981-1992年:我是Ted Heath的内阁大臣,我记得我和其他三个和四个大臣们参加了一些会议,在那些会上我们必须决定下周水管工人应为修水管收多少钱、出租车司机应向乘客收取多少费用以及理发师该拿多少工资。这绝对令人难以置信。所有这些都已悲惨的下场结尾-彻底的崩溃。
NARRATOR: A coal miners strike and an oil crisis plunged the country into darkness。 Voters blamed Ted Heath and voted the Conservatives out of office。
旁白:煤矿工人罢工和石油危机时英国陷入了黑暗之中。选民们归咎于Ted Heath并把保守党赶出了政府。
SHOP MANAGER: Well; were virtually out of business while the powers off。 Weve got no sets that we can operate at all。
商店经理:没有动力我们事实上就破产了。我们所有的装置都根本无法运转。
DAVID YOUNG; Conservative Minister; 1984…1989: We were the sick man of Europe; and the English disease was the disease of strikes; which we had all over the place。 And you know; it was so bad that Herman Kahn of the Hudson Institute wrote a book called The Year 2000; and he saw many things; but the one thing he did see was that the lowest standard of living in Europe in the year 2000 would be shared between Albania and the United Kingdom。 Albania!
DAVID YOUNG,保守党大臣,1984-1989年:我们是欧洲病人,英国病就是罢工病,这里到处都有罢工。你知道,情况如此糟糕以至于Hudson Institute的Herman Kahn写了一本名为《2000年》的书,书中他预言了很多事情,其中一件是在2000年的欧洲,生活水平最低的两个国家是阿尔巴尼亚和联合王国。阿尔巴尼亚!
NARRATOR: A minister in the defeated government; 基思?约瑟夫 may have been an unworldly intellectual; but his search for fresh answers would change the way not only Britain but the world thought about economics and society。
旁白:作为一个失败内阁的大臣,基思?约瑟夫可能一直是个不谙世故的知识分子,但他对新答案的探求不仅改变了英国也改变了世界思考经济和社会的方式。
KENNETH BAKER: Keith wore a hair shirt; he beat his breast; and said we were to blame; weve got it wrong。 And he did beat his breast。 He was called a Mad Monk。
KENNETH BAKER:基思穿着一件刚毛衬衣,拍着自己的胸膛说我们应承担责任;我们做错了。他确实捶胸顿足。他被称为“疯狂的修士”。
KEITH JOSEPH (interviewed in 1975): I thought I was a Conservative。 I thought I was a Conservative; but all the time I was in favor of。。。 I was in favor of shortcuts to Utopia。 I was in favor of the government doing things; because I was so impatient for good things to be done。
基思。约瑟夫(1975年的采访):我曾经认为自己是保守主义者。我曾经认为自己是保守主义者,但是我一直都赞同……我赞同乌托邦。我赞成政府干预,因为我对待做的美好事物是如此地缺乏耐心。
KENNETH BAKER: And when he appeared on television; he had a vein in his head which kept throbbing; and people said; ";Oh; you know; this is a very strange figure indeed; this man。"; But nonetheless; he started to rethink the Conservative policy。
KENNETH BAKER:当他出现在电视上时,他头上的血管在不停跳动。人们说:“噢,你知道,事实上他是一个非常奇怪的人。”虽然如此,他仍然开始重新思考保守党的政策。
NARRATOR: Keith Josephs search brought him here; where; with Hayeks encouragement; a group of kindred spirits had set up a think tank called the Institute of Economic Affairs。
旁白:在哈耶克的鼓励下,基思?约瑟夫与思想库-经济问题研究所建立了联系。
RALPH HARRIS: The institute started in 1957; you could say the direct result of the Mont Pelerin Society; of The Road to Serfdom; of Hayeks ideas of freedom and petitive enterprise。
拉尔夫。哈里斯:研究所创建于1957年,可以说是朝圣山学社、《通往奴役的道路》以及哈耶克关于自由和竞争企业的思想的直接产物。
NARRATOR: With the zeal of a convert; Joseph began to preach the virtues of free markets。 In a series of pamphlets; he went on the intellectual offensive; attacking the mixed economy; making the case for capitalism。
旁白:怀着一种皈依者的热诚,约瑟夫开始鼓吹自由市场的优点。在一系列小册子中,他展开了思想攻势,对混合经济进行攻击,为资本主义进行争取。
Mark Garnett is a biographer of Keith Joseph。
Mark Garnett是基思。约瑟夫的传记作者。
MARK GARNETT; Biographer of Keith Joseph: From the middle of 1974 Joseph undertakes a crusade to convert the country to his way of thinking; and what he wants to do is take the battle to the heart of the enemy camp; and he believed that the universities were infected with socialist thinking。
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