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tons of a kind of little fly; called an ephemera; whose successive generations; we were told; were bred and expired within the day。 I happened to see a living pany of them on a leaf; who appeared to be engaged in conversation。 You know I understand all the inferior animal tongues。 My too great application to the study of them is the best excuse I can give for the little progress I have made in your charming language。 I listened through curiosity to the discourse of these little creatures; but as they; in their national vivacity; spoke three or four together; I could make but little of their conversation。 I found; however; by some broken expressions that I heard now and then; they were disputing warmly on the merit of two foreign musicians; one a cousin; the other a moscheto; in which dispute they spent their time; seemingly as regardless of the shortness of life as if they had been sure of living a month。 Happy people! Thought I: you are certainly under a wise; just; and mild government; since you have no public grievances to plain of; nor any subject of contention but the perfections and imperfections of foreign music。 I turned my head from them to an old gray…headed one; who was single on another leaf; and talking to himself。 Being amused with his soliloquy; I put it down in writing; in hopes it will likewise amuse her to whom I am so much indebted for the most pleasing of all amusements; her delicious pany and heavenly harmony。
“It was;” said he; “the opinion of learned philosophers of our race; who lived and flourished long before my time; that this vast world; the Moulin Joly; could not itself subsist more than eighteen hours; and I think there was some foundation for that opinion; since; by the apparent motion of the great luminary that gives life to all nature; and which in my time has evidently declined considerably towards the ocean at the end of our earth; it must then finish its course; be extinguished in the waters that surround us; and leave the world in cold and darkness; necessarily producing universal death and destruction。 I have lived seven of those hours; a great age; being no less than four hundred and twenty minutes of time。 How very few of us continue so long! I have seen generations born; flourish; and expire。 My present friends are the children and grandchildren of the friends of my youth; who are now; alas; no more! And I must soon follow them; for; by the course of nature; though still in health; I cannot expect to live above seven or eight minutes longer。 What now avails all my toil and labor in amassing honey…dew on this leaf; which I cannot live to enjoy! What political struggles I have been engaged in for the good of my patriot inhabitants of this bush of my philosophical studies for the benefit of our race in general! For in politics what can laws do without morals? Our present race of ephemerae will in a course of minutes bee corrupt; like those of other and older bushes; and consequently as wretched。 And in philosophy how small our progress! Alas! Art is long; and life is short! My friends would fort me with the idea of a name they say I shall leave behind me; and they tell me I have lived long enough to nature and to glory。 But what will fame be to an ephemera who no longer exists? And what will bee of all history in the eighteenth hour; when the world itself; even the whole Moulin Joly; shall e to an end; and be buried in universal ruin?”
To me; after all my eager pursuits; no solid pleasures now remain; but the reflection of a long life spent in meaning well; the sensible conversation of a few good lady ephemerae; and now and then a kind smile and a tune from the ever amiable Brillante。
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年轻人(1)
'古希腊'亚里士多德
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亚里士多德(前384—前322)出生于希腊北部的斯塔吉拉,他的父亲是马其顿国王的御医。公元前367年,17岁的亚里士多德到当时希腊的文化中心雅典,进入柏拉图的阿卡德米学院学习。由于他聪敏过人,深受柏拉图的喜爱,成为柏拉图的得意门生。他在学院一共学习了20年,直到柏拉图去世。
我们首先来讨论一下年轻人的性格特征。年轻人有炽热的激情,而且想不管不顾地逐个满足。他们的愿望举棋不定,有的时候很猛烈,但转瞬即逝。他们极易冲动,但根基不深,如同病人遭到饥渴的侵袭一样。他们热情奔放,又性如烈火,很容易发怒,常常管不住自己的脾气。由于珍惜荣誉,他们不想让人轻视,所以如果受到别人不公平地对待,他们就会怒发冲冠。诚然,他们爱惜荣誉,却更钟情于胜利,青年人热衷于胜人一筹,而胜利就是其中的一种表现形式。他们对荣誉和胜利的爱远远胜过了金钱。他们不太在意钱,因为还没真正明白没钱会怎么样——庇塔喀斯谈论安菲阿劳斯时就是这么说的。他们倾向于看到事物向好的发展方向,而非坏的趋势,那是由于他们还没有目睹过多少不道德的事。他们很乐意相信别人,那是由于他们很少上当受骗。
他们面色红润,大自然仿佛用了过度的葡萄酒来温暖他们的血液。除了这些,他们也没有经历过什么沮丧的事。他们不是生活在对往昔的回忆中,而是生活在对未来的盼望中:因为盼望意味着未来,回忆意味着过去,年轻人未来的日子还很长远,过去的时光只有短暂的一小部分。当人第—天来到这个世界的时候,他根本没有什么可以回忆的事情,唯一能做的就是寄希望于未来。
他们会轻而易举地让人欺骗,那都归结于我们刚刚所说的精力旺盛的脾性。因为拥有情绪高涨、满怀希望的气质,他们会比老年人更勇敢,更有胆量。情绪高涨的内心让他们远离恐惧,满怀希望的气质让他们信心百倍;我们感到愤怒的时候,就不会害怕,而对任何美好事物的向往又让我们充满自信。
他们是害羞的,顺其自然地遵守社会的惯例,但还没有承认其他形式的荣誉标准。他们有崇高的理想,因为他们还没有体会生活的艰辛而变得谦虚起来,也没有理解生活中各种必要的束缚。更为严重的是,他们满怀希望,居然以为自己可以与日月相比——这就是心高气傲,目空一切。他们一直从事高尚的行为,而不在乎其实效;他们的生活多是遵循道德感,而非理智;尽管理智教导我们做有用的事,道德品质却指引我们做高尚的事。
与老年人相比,年轻人更喜爱自己的朋友、挚交和伙伴,因为整天呼朋唤友的生活才是他们钟爱的,而且无论是朋友还是其他东西,他们都不会用对自己的实用性来断定其价值。至于他们所犯的错误,是因为他们做事不是过头就是过猛。他们不遵守齐隆法则,做什么事都过分强调,要么爱得过多,要么恨得太狠,做其他事情也是一样。他们认为自己无所不知,而且说起来也信心十足,实际上,这就是他们行事过头的症结所在。他们时刻准备去同情别人,因为他们认为所有人都是诚实的,或者比他真实的为人要好:他们用自己善良的本质来判断左邻右舍,不能忍受自己会亏待邻居们。他们喜欢玩闹,因此非常诙谐机智,而机智是一种文雅的傲慢。
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伟大的哲学家亚里士多德对事物的洞察力和对问题的分析深刻程度,非同一般。任何人都经历过青春期,青春期的少年都是心浮气躁的,生活里满是叛逆和没来由的烦恼。亚里士多德从哲学的角度,清晰透彻地分析了年轻人的个性特点。生动具体地描述了年轻人踌躇满志、血气方刚的原由和利弊。文章通俗易懂,简单明了,寓意深刻。刻画出年轻人的可爱可亲可惜可怜之处。本文是年轻人经历青春期的佳作典范。
年轻人(2)
Youth
Aristotle
To begin with the Youthful type of character。 Young men have strong passions; and tend to gratify1 them indiscriminately。 They are changeable and fickle2 in their desires; which are violent while they last; but quickly over: their impulses are keen but not deep…rooted; and are like sick people’s attacks of hunger and thirst。 They are hot…tempered; and quick…tempered; and apt to give way to their anger; bad temper often gets the better of them; for owing to their love of honour they cannot bear being slighted; and are indignant if they imagine themselves unfairly treated。 While they love honour; they love victory still more; for youth is eager for superiority over others; and victory is one form of this。 They love both more than they love money; which indeed they love very little; not having yet learnt what it means to be without it—this is the point of Pittancus; remark about Amphiaraus。 They look at the good side rather than the bad; not having yet witnessed many instances of wickedness。 They trust others readily; because they have not yet often been cheated3。
They are sanguine4; nature warms their blood as though with excess of wine; and besides that; they have as yet met with few disappointments。 Their lives are mainly spent not in memory but in expectation; for expectation refers to the future; memory to the past; and youth has a long future before it and a short past behind it: on the first day of one’s life one has nothing at all to remember; and can only look forward。
They are easily cheated; owing to the sanguine disposition just mentioned。 Their hot tempers and hopeful dispositions make them more courageous than older men are; the hot temper prevents fear; and the hopeful disposition creates confidence; we cannot feel tear so long as we are feeling angry; and any expectation of good makes us confident。
They are shy; accepting the rules of society in which they have been trained; and not yet believing in any other standard of honour。 They have exalted5 notions; because they have not yet been humbled by life or learnt its necessary limitations; moreover; their hopeful disposition makes them think themselves equal to great things and that means having exalted notions。 They would always rather do noble deeds than useful ones: their lives are regulated more by moral feeling than by reasoning; and whereas reasoning leads us to choose what is useful; moral goodness leads us to choose what is noble。
They are fonder of their friends; intimates; and panions than older men are; because they like spending their days in the pany of others; and have not yet e to value either their friends or anything else by their usefulness to themselves。 All their mistakes are in the direction of doing things excessively and vehemently。 They disobey Chilon’s precept by overdoing everything; they love too much and hate too much; and the same thing with everything else。 They think they know everything; and are always quite sure about it; this; in fact; is why they overdo everything。。。 They are ready to pity others; because they think everyone an honest man; or anyhow better than he is: they judge their neighbor by their own harmless natures; and so cannot think he deserves to be treated in that way。 They are fond of fun and therefore witty; wit being well…bred insolence。
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徒步旅行(1)
'英国'罗伯特·路易斯·史蒂文森
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罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文生(1850—1894),英国小说家,生于爱丁堡,毕业于爱丁堡大学法律系,但他最大的志向却是在文学方面。他的第一部散文著作《内陆航行》于1878年出版。他一生被肺病困扰,周游各地养病,期间发表大量短篇小说和游记。
我们一定不可以像有些人那样,认为徒步旅行来观赏乡村风景不过是一种不错或糟糕的方式。其实观赏山水风景的方法很多,而且都很不错,只是没有一种方法比得上坐火车观赏生动有趣。尽管一些假冒风雅之人并不赞同,但是徒步观光是一种十分可行的方法。一个真正有兄弟情怀的人乘船出行时,并不奢求沿途特殊的景观,而是怀着某种愉快之情——从早晨船只充满希望、精神抖擞地出航,到夜晚平安、充实地归航。他说不清是挎上背包时,还是卸下背包时更快乐。起程时的兴奋已将归行的喜悦降落在他身上。不管他做了什么,不仅仅是对其本身的奖赏,一定也会在未来得到更丰厚的赏赐。因此,快乐带来快乐,源源不断。关于这一点,只有少数人能够明白。大多数人不是长期待在一个地方不动,就是顷刻数里。他们不会将两者折中,而是终日劳碌奔忙。而且,最重要的是赶路之人不能领悟旅游的乐趣。这种人,自己对着酒罐痛饮时,见到别人用小杯子喝就会心生反感。他不会相信,啜酒才能品出酒的醇香;也不会相信拼命赶路只会让自己变得麻木、冷酷无情;晚上回到客栈感觉筋疲力尽、头脑昏沉,并不像悠闲的漫步者一样,夜晚对他来说并不温和迷人。睡帽与上床大睡是他唯一的要求;如果他是个吸烟的人,甚
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