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权凭证,他们可以拿这些凭证去购买私有化公司的股份。
BORIS YELTSIN; President; Russia; 1991…1999: We need millions of property owners; not just a few millionaires。 All Russian citizens; workers; pensioners; and small children will be given privatization vouchers worth 10;000 rubles。
俄罗斯总统(1991…1999)鲍里斯。叶利钦(Boris Yeltsin):我们需要成百上千万的所有者,而不仅仅是几个百万富翁,所有的俄罗斯市民、工人、老人及儿童都将按人头每人获得一张价值1万卢布的私有化产权凭证。
NARRATOR: There was a problem: Not one pany was ready to be privatized。
旁白:有一个问题:没有一家公司愿意接受私有化。
BORIS JORDAN; President; The Sputnik Group: They had distributed 144 million vouchers to the people; but had no practical idea on how to get panies through the privatization process and actually into public hands; away from the state。
Sputnik集团(Sputnik Group)总裁鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):他们总计给民众发放了一亿四千万张产权凭证,但却没有具体的措施来使企业顺利渡过这样的私有化进程,并切实地把产权从政府手里转到公众手中。
NARRATOR: The young reformers asked Boris Jordan; one of the first foreign bankers to set up shop in Moscow; to find a pany to privatize。 But they had to move fast。
旁白:鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan)是第一个在莫斯科开设营业部的外国银行家,年轻的改革家们要求他寻找一家公司进行私有化,但他们必须行动迅速。
BORIS JORDAN: They knew that if they didnt at least launch the program by December 9; 1992; when the Congress of Peoples Deputies was getting together; the munists were going to kill privatization。
鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):他们知道,如果他们到1992年12月9日人民代表大会开始之时,还没有开始实施这一计划的话,共产党将会扼杀私有化。
NARRATOR: The young reformers were in a race against time。
旁白:年轻的改革家们在跟时间赛跑。
BORIS JORDAN: It was very tight。 If there wasnt going to be privatization; there was going to be no market economy。
鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):这是非常紧张的,假如不能进行私有化,就不可能有市场经济。
NARRATOR: They narrowed the search down to a business on the edge of Moscow。 It is not exactly what Lenin would have called the manding heights; but the Bolshevik Biscuit Factory did bake Russias favorite cookie。
旁白:他们的目标锁住了莫斯科郊外的一个企业——布尔什维克饼干厂(Bolshevik Biscuit Factory),这样的工厂并不是列宁所说的那样的控制经济命脉的(制高点)企业,但是它们生产的饼干在全俄罗斯确实最受欢迎。
BORIS JORDAN: We had to; I wouldnt say bribe …… we had to incentivize them。 We gave managers of their factories and the employees of the factories about 50 percent of the stock in the pany。 The balance of the equity would be sold in the public markets through these vouchers。 We opened up the first official auction of a Russian pany to the public on December 8; 1992。
鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):我们必须激励他们,我不是指贿赂,我们给企业的经理和员工们大约50%的公司股份,剩下的股权将通过产权凭证的形式在公开市场上出售,1992年12月8日,我们首次开创了俄罗斯公司面向公众的正式拍卖。
NARRATOR: On the day of the auction; fury at the economic reforms boiled over in Parliament。 munist hard…liners forced a vote of confidence in Gaidar。
旁白:在拍卖的那天,被经济改革触怒的人们在议会闹翻了天,共产党顽固分子迫使议会进行了一场对盖达的信任投票。
BORIS JORDAN: I remember it very well。 Wed already opened the auction; and I was sitting in the auction center。 I was watching the television; and I watched Gaidar get removed。
鲍里斯。乔丹(Boris Jordan):我记得非常清楚,我们已经开始了拍卖,我正坐在拍卖会场里,我看着电视,我看到盖达被解除职务。
NARRATOR: munist opposition had forced Yeltsin to sacrifice Gaidar。 His replacement; Viktor Chernomyrdin; was a product of the old Soviet central planning system。
旁白:共产党反对派迫使叶利钦牺牲盖达,他的继任者,维克多。切尔洛梅尔金(Viktor Chernomyrdin)是老苏维埃中央计划体制下培养出来的一个人物。
JEFFREY SACHS: There was no doubt that after Gaidar was thrown out of the prime ministership at the end of 1992 that the level of corruption rose tremendously。
杰裴里。萨克斯(Jeffrey Sachs):毫无疑问,自从1992年底盖达被解除总理职务以后,腐败程度变得更加恶化了。
NARRATOR: State panies were sold off; and the trade in vouchers led to a fledgling stock exchange。 A market economy was taking hold; but it was getting off to a shaky start。
旁白:国有企业被卖掉了,对产权凭证的交易导致了一个初期的股票交易市场,市场经济是开始了,但这是一个非常脆弱的开始。
In Moscow; speculation was rampant in what some called the ";Wild East。";
在莫斯科,投机现象非常猖獗,有些人把这称为“疯狂的东方”。
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