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er　very　slightly　……　yet　now　a　king　of　Francetrembles　before　it；　and　it　has　been　able　to　drive　him　from　Italy；　and　toruin　the　Veians　……　although　this　may　be　very　manifest；　it　does　notappear　to　me　superfluous　to　recall　it　in　some　measure　to　memory。Before　Charles；　King　of　France；　passed　into　Italy；　this　country　wasunder　the　dominion　of　the　Pope；　the　Veians；　the　King　of　Naples；　theDuke　of　Milan；　and　the　Florentines。　These　potentates　had　two　principalanxieties：　the　one；　that　no　foreigner　should　enter　Italy　under　arms；　theother；　that　none　of　themselves　should　seize　more　territory。　Those　aboutwhom　there　was　the　most　anxiety　were　the　Pope　and　the　Veians。　Torestrain　the　Veians　the　union　of　all　the　others　was　necessary；　as　itwas　for　the　defence　of　Ferrara；　and　to　keep　down　the　Pope　they　made　useof　the　barons　of　Rome；　who；　being　divided　into　two　factions；　Orsini　andColonna；　had　always　a　pretext　for　disorder；　and；　standing　with　arms　intheir　hands　under　the　eyes　of　the　Pontiff；　kept　the　pontificate　weak　andpowerless。　And　although　there　might　arise　sometimes　a　courageous　pope；such　as　Sixtus　＇IV＇；　yet　neither　fortune　nor　wisdom　could　rid　him　ofthese　annoyances。　And　the　short　life　of　a　pope　is　also　a　cause　ofweakness；　for　in　the　ten　years；　which　is　the　average　life　of　a　pope；　hecan　with　difficulty　lower　one　of　the　factions；　and　if；　so　to　speak；　onepope　should　almost　destroy　the　Colonna；　another　would　arise　hostile　tothe　Orsini；　who　would　support　their　opponents；　and　yet　would　not　havetime　to　ruin　the　Orsini。　This　was　the　reason　why　the　temporal　powers　ofthe　pope　were　little　esteemed　in　Italy。Alexander　VI　arose　afterwards；　who　of　all　the　pontiffs　that　have　everbeen　showed　how　a　pope　with　both　money　and　arms　was　able　to　prevail；　andthrough　the　instrumentality　of　the　Duke　Valentino；　and　by　reason　of　theentry　of　the　French；　he　brought　about　all　those　things　which　I　havediscussed　above　in　the　actions　of　the　duke。　And　although　his　intentionwas　not　to　aggrandize　the　Church；　but　the　duke；　nevertheless；　what　hedid　contributed　to　the　greatness　of　the　Church；　which；　after　his　deathand　the　ruin　of　the　duke；　became　the　heir　to　all　his　labours。Pope　Julius　came　afterwards　and　found　the　Church　strong；　possessing　allthe　Romagna；　the　barons　of　Rome　reduced　to　impotence；　and；　through　thechastisements　Alexander；　the　factions　wiped　out；　he　also　found　the　wayopen　to　accumulate　money　in　a　manner　such　as　had　never　been　practisedbefore　Alexanders　time。　Such　things　Julius　not　only　followed；　butimproved　upon；　and　he　intended　to　gain　Bologna；　to　ruin　the　Veians；and　to　drive　the　French　out　of　Italy。　All　of　these　enterprises　prosperedwith　him；　and　so　much　the　more　to　his　credit；　inasmuch　as　he　dideverything　to　strengthen　the　Church　and　not　any　private　person。　He　keptalso　the　Orsini　and　Colonna　factions　within　the　bounds　in　which　he　foundthem；　and　although　there　was　among　them　some　mind　to　make　disturbance；nevertheless　he　held　two　things　firm：　the　one；　the　greatness　of　thechurch；　with　which　he　terrified　them；　and　the　other；　not　allowing　themto　have　their　own　cardinals；　who　caused　the　disorders　among　them。　Forwhenever　these　factions　have　their　cardinals　they　do　not　remain　quietfor　long；　because　cardinals　foster　the　factions　in　Rome　and　out　of　it；and　the　barons　are　pelled　to　support　them；　and　thus　from　theambitions　of　prelates　arise　disorders　and　tumults　among　the　barons。　Forthese　reasons　his　Holiness　Pope　Leo　found　the　pontificate　most　powerful；and　it　is　to　be　hoped　that；　if　others　made　it　great　in　arms；　he　willmake　it　still　greater　and　more　venerated　by　his　goodness　and　infiniteother　virtues。CHAPTER　XIIHOW　MANY　KINDS　OF　SOLDIERY　THERE　ARE；　AND　CONCERNING　MERCENARIESHAVING　discoursed　particularly　on　the　characteristics　of　suchprincipalities　as　in　the　beginning　I　proposed　to　discuss；　and　havingconsidered　in　some　degree　the　causes　of　their　being　good　or　bad；　andhaving　shown　the　methods　by　which　many　have　sought　to　acquire　them　andto　hold　them；　it　now　remains　for　me　to　discuss　generally　the　means　ofoffence　and　defence　which　belong　to　each　of　them。We　have　seen　above　how　necessary　it　is　for　a　prince　to　have　hisfoundations　well　laid；　otherwise　it　follows　of　necessity　he　will　go　toruin。　The　chief　foundations　of　all　states；　new　as　well　as　old　orposite；　are　good　laws　and　good　arms；　and　as　there　cannot　be　good　lawswhere　the　state　is　not　well　armed；　it　follows　that　where　they　are　wellarmed　they　have　good　laws。　I　shall　leave　the　laws　out　of　the　discussionand　shall　speak　of　the　arms。I　say；　therefore；　that　the　arms　with　which　a　prince　defends　his　stateare　either　his　own；　or　they　are　mercenaries；　auxiliaries；　or　mixed。Mercenaries　and　auxiliaries　are　useless　and　dangerous；　and　if　one　holdshis　state　based　on　these　arms；　he　will　stand　neither　firm　nor　safe；　forthey　are　disunited；　ambitious　and　without　discipline；　unfaithful；valiant　before　friends；　cowardly　before　enemies；　they　have　neither　thefear　of　God　nor　fidelity　to　men；　and　destruction　is　deferred　only　solong　as　the　attack　is；　for　in　peace　one　is　robbed　by　them；　and　in　war　bythe　enemy。　The　fact　is；　they　have　no　other　attraction　or　reason　forkeeping　the　field　than　a　trifle　of　stipend；　which　is　not　sufficient　tomake　them　willing　to　die　for　you。　They　are　ready　enough　to　be　yoursoldiers　whilst　you　do　not　make　war；　but　if　war　es　they　takethemselves　off　or　run　from　the　foe；　which　I　should　have　little　troubleto　prove；　for　the　ruin　of　Italy　has　been　caused　by　nothing　else　than　byresting　all　her　hopes　for　many　years　on　mercenaries；　and　although　theyformerly　made　some　display　and　appeared　valiant　amongst　themselves；　yetwhen　the　foreigners　came　they　showed　what　they　were。　Thus　it　was　thatCharles；　King　of　France；　was　allowed　to　seize　Italy　with　chalk　in　hand；＇1＇　and　he　who　told　us　that　our　sins　were　the　cause　of　it　told　thetruth；　but　they　were　not　the　sins　he　imagined；　but　those　which　I　haverelated。　And　as　they　were　the　sins　of　princes；　it　is　the　princes　whohave　also　suffered　the　penalty。I　wish　to　demonstrate　further　the　infelicity　of　these　arms。　Themercenary　captains　are　either　capable　men　or　they　are　not；　if　they　are；you　cannot　trust　them；　because　they　always　aspire　to　their　owngreatness；　either　by　oppressing　you；　who　are　their　master；　or　otherscontrary　to　your　intentions；　but　if　the　captain　is　not　skilful；　you　areruined　in　the　usual　way。And　if　it　be　urged　that　whoever　is　armed　will　act　in　the　same　way；whether　mercenary　or　not；　I　reply　that　when　arms　have　to　be　resorted　to；either　by　a　prince　or　a　republic；　then　the　prince　ought　to　go　in　personand　perform　the　duty　of　captain；　the　republic　has　to　send　its　citizens；and　when　one　is　sent　who　does　not　turn　out　satisfactorily；　it　ought　torecall　him；　and　when　one　is　worthy；　to　hold　him　by　the　laws　so　that　hedoes　not　leave　the　mand。　And　experience　has　shown　princes　andrepublics；　single…handed；　making　the　greatest　progress；　and　mercenariesdoing　nothing　except　damage；　and　it　is　more　difficult　to　bring　arepublic；　armed　with　its　own　arms；　under　the　sway　of　one　of　its　citizensthan　it　is　to　bring　one　armed　with　foreign　arms。　Rome　and　Sparta　stoodfor　many　ages　armed　and　free。　The　Switzers　are　pletely　armed　andquite　free。Of　ancient　mercenaries；　for　example；　there　are　the　Carthaginians；　whowere　oppressed　by　their　mercenary　soldiers　after　the　first　war　with　theRomans；　although　the　Carthaginians　had　their　own　citizens　for　captains。After　the　death　of　Epaminondas；　Philip　of　Macedon　was　made　captain　oftheir　soldiers　by　the　Thebans；　and　after　victory　he　took　away　theirliberty。Duke　Filippo　being　dead；　the　Milanese　enlisted　Francesco　Sforza　againstthe　Veians；　and　he；　having　overe　the　enemy　at　Caravaggio；　alliedhimself　with　them　to　crush　the　Milanese；　his　masters。　His　father；Sforza；　having　been　engaged　by　Queen　Johanna　of　Naples；　left　herunprotected；　so　that　she　was　forced　to　throw　herself　into　the　arms　ofthe　King　of　Aragon；　in　order　to　save　her　kingdom。　And　if　the　Veiansand　Florentines　formerly　extended　their　dominions　by　these　arms；　and　yettheir　captains　did　not　make　themselves　princes；　but　have　defended　them；I　reply　that　the　Florentines　in　this　case　have　been　favoured　by　chance；for　of　the　able　captains；　of　whom　they　might　have　stood　in　fear；　somehave　not　conquered；　some　have　been　opposed；　and　others　have　turned　theirambitions　elsewhere。　One　who　did　not　conquer　was　Giovanni　Acuto；　＇2＇　andsince　he　did　not　conquer　his　fidelity　cannot　be　proved；　but　every　onewill　acknowledge　that；　had　he　conquered；　the　Florentines　would　havestood　at　his　discretion。　Sforza　had　the　Bracceschi　always　against　him；so　they　watched　each　other。　Francesco　turned　his　ambition　to　Lombardy；Braccio　against　the　Church　and　the　kingdom　of　Naples。　But　let　us　e　tothat　which　happened　a　short　while　ago。　The　Florentines　appointed　astheir　captain　Paolo　Vitelli；　a　most　prudent　man；　who　from　a　privateposition　had　risen　to　the　greatest　renown。　If　this　man　had　taken　Pisa；nobody　can　deny　that　it　would　have　been　proper　for　the　Florentines　tokeep　in　with　him；　for　if　he　became　the　soldier　of　their　enemies　they　hadno　means　of　resisting；　and　if　they　held　to　him　they　must　obey　him。　TheVeians；　if　their　achievements　are　considered；　will　be　seen　to　haveacted　safely　and　gloriously　so　long　as　they　sent　to　war　their　own　men；when　with　armed　gentlemen　and　plebeians　they　did　valiantly。　This　wasbefore　they　turned　to　enterprises　on　land；　but　when　they　began　to　fighton　land　they　forsook　this　virtue　and　followed　the　custom　of　Italy。　Andin　the　beginning　of　their　expansion　on　land；　through　not　having　muchterritory；　and　because　of　their　great　reputation；　they　had　not　much　tofear　from　their　captains；　but　when　they　expanded；　as　under　Carmignola；they　had　a　taste　of　this　mistake；　for；　having　found　him　a　most　valiantman　（they　beat　the　Duke　of　Milan　under　his　leadership）；　and；　on　theother　hand；　knowing　how　lukewarm　he　was　in　the　war；　they　feared　they；　and　for　this　reason　they　were　notwilling；　nor　were　they　able；　to　let　him　go；　and　so；　not　to　lose　againthat　pelled；　in　order　to　securethemselves；　to　murder　him。　They　had　afterwards　for　their　captainsBartolomeo　da　Bergamo；　Roberto　da　San　Severino；　the　Count　of　Pitigliano；and　the　like；　under　whom　they　had　to　dread　loss　and　not　gain；　ashappened　afterwards　at　Vaila；　where　in　one　battle　they　lost　that　whichin　eight　hundred　years　they　had　acquired　with　so　much　trouble。　Becausefrom　such　arms　conquests　e　but　slowly；　long　delayed　andinconsiderable；　but　the　losses　sudden　and　portentous。And　as　with　these　examples　I　have　reached　Italy；　which　has　been　ruledfor　many　years　by　mercenaries；　I　wish　to　discuss　them　more　seriously；　inorder　that；　having　seen　their　rise　and　progress；　one　may　be　betterprepared　to　counteract　them。　You　must　understand　that　the　empire　hasrecently　e　to　be　repudiated　in　Italy；　that　the　Pope　has　acquired　moretemporal　power；　and　that　Italy　has　been　divided　up　into　more　states；　forthe　reason　that　many　of　the　great　cities　took　up　arms　against　theirnobles；　who；　formerly　favoured　by　the　emperor；　were　oppressing　them；whilst　the　Church　was　favouring　them　so　as　to　gain　authority　in　temporalpower：　in　many　others　their　citizens　became　princes。　From　this　it　cameto　pass　that　Italy　fell　partly　into　the　hands　of　the　Church　and　ofrepublics；　and；　the　Church　consisting　of　priests　and　the　republic　ofcitizens　unaccustomed　to　arms；　both　menced　to　enlist　foreigners。The　first　who　gav

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