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导言直面内战

[1]JohnLewisGaddis，“TheLongPeace:ElementsofSecurityinthePostwarInternationalSystem，”inLongPeace，214—45;Mueller，RetreatfromDoomsday;Mandelbaum，DawnofPeaceinEurope;Howard，TheInventionofPeaceandtheReinventionofWar;Sheehan，WhereHaveAlltheSoldiersGone?

[2]Melander，Pettersson，andThemnér，OrganizedViolence，1989—2015;PttdWllteerssonanaenseen，“ArmedConflicts1946—2014，.”

[3]Braumoeller，“IsWarDisappearing?”;Newman，“ConflictResearchandthe‘Decline’ofCivilWar”;Sarkees，“PatternsofCivilWarsintheTwentiethCentury.”

[4]Ghervas，“Lapaixparledroit，cimentdelacivilisationenEurope?”

[5]ImmanuelKant，“TowardPerpetualPeace”（1795），inPracticalPhilosophy，trans.Gregor，317，351.

[6]Goldstein，WinningtheWaronWar;Pinker，BetterAngelsofOurNature.

[7]hironaka，NeverendingWars，4–5;PaulCollier，LisaChauvet，andH?vardHagre，“TheSecurityChallengeinConflict-ProneCountries，”inGlobalCrises，GlobalSolutions，ed.Lomborg，72，99（quoted）;Skaperdasetal.，CostsofViolence;WorldBank，WorldDevelopmentReport2011;Dunne，“ArmedConflicts”;Hoeffler，“AlternativePerspective.”

[8]Collier，Wars，Guns，andVotes，139（quoted）;Collier，Hoeffler，andS?derbom，“OntheDurationofCivilWar”;Fearon，“WhyDoSomeCivilWarsLastSoMuchLongerThanOthers?”;Walter，“DoesConflictBegetConflict?”;Hironaka，NeverendingWars，1，50;WorldBank，WorldDevelopmentReport2011，57.

[9]Collier，BottomBillion;Rice，Graff，andLewis，PovertyandCivilWar.

[10]Missionstatement，CentrefortheStudyofCivilWar，PeaceResearchInstituteOslo，http:www.prio.comProgrammesExtensionsCentre-for-the-Study-ofCivil-WarAbout.

[11]Enzensberger，CivilWar，12.

[12]Agamben，Stasis，trans.Heron，2.CompareGrangé，Oublierlaguerrecivile?，7:“ilestvraiquelaguerrecivileestoccultéeparlestraitéspolitiques”;Kissane，NationsTornAsunder，3:“Therehasbeen，inthehistoryofpoliticalthought，nosystematictreatiseoncivilwar.”

[13]Mason，“EvolutionofTheoryonCivilWarandRevolution，”63–66.

[14]Melander，Petersson，andWallensteen，“OrganizedViolence，1989—2015，”730;Gleditsch，“TransnationalDimensionsofCivilWar”;Checkel，TransnationalDynamicsofCivilWar.

[15]Mayer，Furies，323（“Ifwarishell，thencivilwarbelongstohell’sdeepestandmostinfernalregions”）;Kalyvas，LogicofViolenceinCivilWar，52–53.

[16]Lucan，Bellumcivile（1.31–32），inLucan，CivilWar，trans.Braund，3–4;MicheldeMontaigne，“OfBadMeanesEmploiedtoaGoodEnd”（Essais，2.23），inEssaysWritteninFrenchbyMichaelLordofMontaigne，trans.Florio，384;FrankAiken，Aug.3，1922，quotedinHopkinson，GreenAgainstGreen，273.

[17]Eliot，Milton，3.

[18]DeGaulle，quotedinMara?onMoya，“ElgeneralDeGaulle，enToledo”（“Todaslasguerrassonmalas…Perolasguerrasciviles，enlasqueenambastrincherashayhermanos，sonimperdonables，porquelapaznonacecuandolaguerratermina”）.

[19]Enzensberger，CivilWar，trans.SpenceandChalmers，11.

[20]Girard，ViolenceandtheSacred;GiraldoRamírez，ElrastrodeCaín;Jacoby，Bloodlust;Esposito，TermsofthePolitical，123–34.AsBillKissanenotes，thetermforcivilwarinmodernHebrewapproximatesto“warbetweenbrothers.”Kissane，NationsTornAsunder，7.

[21]Osgood，Caesar’sLegacy，3，citingBrunt，ItalianManpower，225b.c.—a.d.14，509–12.

[22]Braddick，God’sFury，England’sFire，xii.

[23]Faust，“NumbersonTopofNumbers，”997;Faust，ThisRepublicofSuffering，xi.Neely，CivilWarandtheLimitsofDestruction，208–16.此篇文章批判了这个数据，但是Hacker在其文章“Census-BasedCountoftheCivilWarDead”中将死亡数据修改成620000—750000，较有说服力。

[24]Kloppenberg，TowardDemocracy，21–60.

[25]Clarendon，TheHistoryoftheRebellionandCivilWarsinEngland，BegunintheYear1641.

[26]Schmitt，ExCaptivitateSalus，56（“DerBürgerkrieghatetwasbesondersGrausames.EristeinBruderkrieg，weilerinnerhalbeinergemeinsamen…politischenEinheit…geführtwird，undweilbeidek?mpfendenSeitendiesegemeinsameEinheitgleichzeitigabsolutbehauptenundabsolutverneinen”）.

[27]U.S.DepartmentofWar，WaroftheRebellion.

[28]Gingrich，quotedinStauffer，“Civility，CivilSociety，andCivilWars，”88.

[29]“PourValls，leFNpeutconduireàla‘guerrecivile，’”LeMonde，Dec.11，2015:“Ilyadeuxoptionspournotrepays.Ilyauneoptionquiestcelledel’extrêmedroitequi，aufond，pr?nelapision.CettepisionpeutconduireàlaguerrecivileetilyauneautrevisionquiestcelledelaRépubliqueetdesvaleurs，quiestlerassemblement.”

[30]Brass，TheftofanIdol，3–20;Kalyvas，“Ontologyof‘PoliticalViolence’”;Kalyvas，“PromisesandPitfallsofanEmergingResearchProgram”;KissaneandSitter，“IdeasinConflict.”

[31]Kaldor，NewandOldWars;Kalyvas，“‘New’and‘Old’CivilWars”;Münkler，NewWars.

[32]Geuss，“NietzscheandGenealogy”;Bevir，“WhatIsGenealogy?”

[33]Skinner，“GenealogyoftheModernState，”325.

[34]Nietzsche，OntheGenealogyofMorality，51.

[35]Ibid.，53（myemphasis）.

[36]Gallie，“EssentiallyContestedConcepts”;Collier，Hidalgo，andMaciuceanu，“EssentiallyContestedConcepts.”

[37]Gallie，prefacetoPhilosophyandtheHistoricalUnderstanding，8–9.

[38]Kalyvas，“CivilWars，”417.

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